Transaction cost theory of entrepreneurship

Transaction Cost Theory: The "Make or Buy" Decision

Why do companies exist? If markets are so efficient, why don't we just contract every single task to a freelancer? In the 1930s, Ronald Coase asked this exact question.

His answer was Transaction Cost Theory (TCT). It suggests that companies (Hierarchies) exist because sometimes the cost of using the open market is simply too high.

The Three Hidden Costs of Exchange

According to Coase (1937) and Nobel Laureate Oliver Williamson (1975), every time an economic exchange happens outside of a firm, it incurs three specific costs:

• Search and Information Costs: The effort required to find the right supplier and determine if their price is fair.
• Bargaining Costs: The time and money spent negotiating contracts. This often involves lawyers, delays, and complex agreements.
• Policing (Enforcement) Costs: The effort required to ensure the other party actually does what they promised (monitoring quality, legal action for breach of contract).

The Solution: Markets vs. Hierarchies

Entrepreneurs use this theory to decide how to structure their operations. The goal is to minimize these friction costs. Generally, there are three governance structures:

1. The Market (Buy/Outsource): Used when transaction costs are low. (e.g., Buying paper clips).
2. The Hierarchy (Make/Vertical Integration): Used when transaction costs are high. You bring the production in-house so you don't have to negotiate or search for it. (e.g., Apple making its own chips).
3. Hybrid (Joint Ventures): A middle ground where firms pool resources to share risks.

Application: The Entrepreneur's Dilemma

Upon forming a new venture, the most critical application of this theory is the Asset Specificity decision.

Entrepreneurs must decide what to acquire in the spot market and what to build in-house:

• High Specificity (Build): If a resource is highly customized or unique to your venture (e.g., specialized proprietary software), transaction costs in the market will be high. You should Integrate (build) this.
• Low Specificity (Contract): If a resource is general (e.g., HR services, accounting, or IT infrastructure), transaction costs are low. You should Contract (outsource) this.

Video: Coase and the Nature of the Firm

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References

Coase, R. H. (1937). The nature of the firm. Economica, 4, 386.

Dahlman, C. J. (1979). The problem of externality. Journal of Law and Economics, 22(1), 141-162.

Williamson, O. E. (1975). Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications. New York, NY: Free Press.