Controversial Theories
11 Most Controversial Theories in Entrepreneurship
This is a subjective list of the most debated theories in entrepreneurship research. These theories drive many debates in academic circles today regarding their validity, ethics, and empirical support.
1. Birth Order Theory
The Controversy: The birth order theory is debated because individuals cannot control their birth order. Furthermore, critics argue that most of the underlying ideas are based on debunked Freudian speculations rather than solid economic data.
2. Brain Parasite Theory
The Controversy: This biological theory is controversial because, while it might explain the psychological urge for entry into entrepreneurship (via risk-taking associated with Toxoplasma gondii), it fails to account for the skills required for long-term success.
3. Disagreeableness Theory
The Controversy: By correlating low agreeableness with business success, this theory is controversial because it paints the entrepreneur as the quintessential contrarian "jerk," ignoring the value of social capital.
4. Disruptive Innovation Theory
The Controversy: While famous in the corporate world, the disruptive innovation theory faces academic scrutiny. Critics argue it lacks specificity and broad empirical support, despite remaining one of the most popular theories in business media.
5. Emancipation Theory
The Controversy: The emancipation theory is controversial because it posits that entrepreneurship is the primary road to social and economic liberation—a claim that is contestable given the financial precarity many founders face.
6. Great Man Theory
The Controversy: This classical view is controversial today because it is viewed as sexist and elitist, attributing success solely to "great men" while ignoring the contributions of the masses and systemic privileges.
7. Jack of All Trades Theory
The Controversy: This theory suggests people should vary their experiences to attain generalist skills. It is controversial because evidence suggests that "master of none" implies a lack of specialization that can actually be bad advice for technical founders.
8. Necessity Versus Opportunity
The Controversy: The strict distinction between necessity and opportunity entrepreneurs is controversial because the definitions are fluid; entrepreneurs often start businesses out of necessity but evolve into opportunity seekers, and vice-versa.
9. Religious Theory
The Controversy: The religious theory (associated with Max Weber) is controversial because it praises some religions as being more inherently entrepreneurial than others, raising issues of cultural determinism.
10. Slacker Theory
The Controversy: The slacker theory questions the role of hard work (hustle) in entrepreneurship, suggesting that laziness drives efficiency. It is controversial because it contradicts the traditional "Protestant Work Ethic."
11. Stewardship Theory
The Controversy: Stewardship theory is controversial because it suggests founders should be given total authority over startups (e.g., the Elon Musk model), which conflicts with governance models that demand checks and balances.
